Examples of Client side applications that can do this are MS Word via Mail Merge, Adobe InDesign, and Adobe Acrobat with Evermap.
I'm looking for a solution that I can host in my web application, this implies an api or sdk to develop against, that will take a data set, and a pdf template, perform the merge, and serve up the completed document. I would prefer a rich template language, with formatting, conditions, and iterations over simple token replacement.